The immunoturbidimetry method is an analytical technique combining liquid-phase precipitation reactions with optical instruments and automated analysis. However, due to issues relating to the size and quantity of antigen-antibody complexes, the immunoturbidimetry has low sensitivity and a narrow detection range. This has led to the development of the latex immunoturbidimetric assay (LIA). This...

Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles, typically measuring between 30 and 150 nanometres, that are released by various cell types. They contain a variety of biological molecules, including proteins, lipids, messenger RNAs (mRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs) and other functional components. Given their pivotal function in intercellular communication and their potential applications in drug delivery,...

Microneedles have attracted considerable attention in a wide range of transdermal biomedical applications, such as biosensing and drug delivery, owing to their advantages, including painlessness, minimal invasiveness and sustainability. However, the current challenge lies in the materials and fabrication methods used to produce microneedles with specific shapes, structures, and functions that...

Cytokines are small protein molecules that are secreted by cells in order to coordinate intercellular communication in response to inflammation or infection. These molecules therefore play a vital role in the innate immune response to infection and contribute to the activation of the adaptive immune response. Therefore, characterizing cytokine responses is crucial for understanding the dynamic...