Microneedles have attracted considerable attention in a wide range of transdermal biomedical applications, such as biosensing and drug delivery, owing to their advantages, including painlessness, minimal invasiveness and sustainability. However, the current challenge lies in the materials and fabrication methods used to produce microneedles with specific shapes, structures, and functions that...

Cytokines are small protein molecules that are secreted by cells in order to coordinate intercellular communication in response to inflammation or infection. These molecules therefore play a vital role in the innate immune response to infection and contribute to the activation of the adaptive immune response. Therefore, characterizing cytokine responses is crucial for understanding the dynamic...