Endotoxin, also known as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), is a component of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria and plays an important role in bacterial pathogenicity. It is an amphiphilic molecule composed of three structural domains: a polar heteroglycan (O-antigen), a core oligosaccharide and a non-polar lipid group known as lipid A, which anchors the endotoxin to the bacterial outer membrane....

Fungal sepsis is a condition in which fungi or yeasts are present in the blood. The most common type is candidemia, also known as systemic candidiasis, which is an infection caused by the Candida genus of fungi. Candidiasis is the most common blood infection. Infections caused by other fungi, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus and Cryptococcus, are also referred to as fungal...

Biomarkers are important parameters that are reliable, applicable, reproducible and typically low-cost. They play a significant role in human health, particularly mechanistic biomarkers, which are of the utmost importance for preventing toxic effects and diseases. They can reflect the diagnosis, prognosis, recurrence and progression of diseases. Furthermore, they can indicate the level of human...

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is one of the most commonly used dialysis methods, playing a vital role in maintaining the quality of life of patients with end-stage renal disease. However, long-term PD treatment can adversely affect the structure and function of peritoneal tissue. This can lead to failure of peritoneal ultrafiltration, resulting in dialysis failure and necessitating discontinuation...

Lipids play a vital role in biological membranes. They provide a barrier for almost all cellular structures and act as dynamic building blocks, enabling certain membrane proteins to function efficiently and facilitating signal transduction. In addition to their involvement in metabolism and energy conversion, lipids are also involved in various developmental processes, such as cell growth and...

The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was independently developed in 1971 by Engall and Perlmann and by van Weemen and Schuurs with the aim of avoiding the problems associated with radioimmunoassays. Since then, ELISA has become a widely used method for detecting polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies in biological fluids or culture media.   Offering advantages such as high...